Basic Technology Plan Notes of Lesson Basic 7 (JSS1) 2nd Term

E-Lesson Notes Basic 7 (JSS1) Second term. Basic Technology Plan Junior Secondary School one. Board Practice, Free Sketching, Scales Drawing.

BASIC TECHNOLOGY SCHEME OF WORK BASIC 7 (JSS 1)

WEEKS AND TOPICS 

  1. Revision of Last Term’s Work
  2. Board Practice: basic board practice: (1) setting drawing paper on the board. (ii) Sharpening pencil to conical point and knife edge. (iii) using the tee and set squares for drawing boarder lines and horizontal and vertical lines (iv) positioning and drawing the title block. (v).writing(freehand) legible letters and numerals
  3. Freehand Sketching : basic freehand techniques of drawing lines, curves, circles, and irregular shapes
  4. Scales and Scale Drawing: (a) reading graduation on the metric rule. (b) measuring and comparing given sizes
  5. Scales And Scale Drawing(cont’d) :(c) scale drawing: (i) types of scale; full size, 1:1 (ii) reduction scale e.g. 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:100, etc. (iii) enlarged scale, e.g. 2:1, 3:1, etc.
  6. Woodwork Hand Tools; (a) Measuring tools; metric rule, inside calipers, outside calipers, pair of dividers, etc. (b) Setting and Marking out tools: try-square, sliding bevel, meter square, pair of compasses, trammels, etc.
  7. Woodwork Tools (cont’d) (c) Driving tools; hammer; mallet and screw driver, etc. (d) Boring tools; wood brace’ ratchet brace and bradawl, etc.
  8. Woodwork Tools (cont’d) (e) Holding devices; Bench hook, Bench vice, ‘G’ cramp, sash clamp, etc. (f) cutting and pairing tools; rip saw, cross cut saw, tenon saw, bow saw, dovetail saw, jack plane, smoothing plane, spoke shaves, chisels, etc.
  9. Concept of Energy and Power; (a) Concept of Energy and power. (b) Definitions: (i) power (ii) energy (iii) units (c) relationship between energy and power
  10. Revision
  11. Examination.

WEEK:    ONE 

DATE:

TOPIC: Revision of last term’s work  

The Teacher should use discretion, knowing areas most students are still having difficulties in last term’s work and re-teach or re-explain those areas within this week.

WEEK:   TWO 

DATE:……………………………..

TOPIC:

Board Practice

SUB-TOPICS:  

  • The instrument required for a good board practice
  • Setting Drawing Paper on the Board                         
  • Sharpening pencil to conical point and knife edge 
  • Using the tee and set squares for drawing boarder lines and other horizontal and vertical lines
  • Positioning and drawing the title block.
  • Writing (freehand) legible letters and numerals

Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)

Sub-Topic I:

The instruments required for good board practice

The instruments required for good board practice are:

  • Drawing board and Tee-square
  • Set-square  (30o, 60o , 45o angles)
  • Compass and Dividers
  • Protractor and French curves
  • Drawing pencils (HB and 2H)
  • Eraser and Drawing paper

Sub-Topic II:

Setting Drawing Paper on the Board

Step 1:  The drawing board is conveniently placed on the table with the paper on the board, leaving equal size all round, with the Tee-square edge to the left hand side.

Step 2:  Place the tee-square on the paper and gently move or slide the tee-square to the top edge of the paper. Set the top edge of the paper parallel to the edge of the tee-square with the stock of the tee-square firmly against the edge of the drawing board on the left-hand side.

Step 3:  Hold the paper with four pieces of adhesive tape or two metal cups to hold the paper in position at four corners. 

Step 4:  Gently slide the tee-square down without moving the paper.

Sub-Topic III:

Sharpening of Drawing Pencils to conical point and knife edge

A well sharpened pencil is very essential to technical drawing.  Pencils for lettering and freehand sketching should be sharpened to a ‘conical point’ while those for geometrical or engineering drawing should be sharpened to a ‘chisel point’.

            All horizontal lines are drawn with the aid of tee-square. The set-square is used sitting squarely on the tee-square to draw vertical lines.

EVALUATION

  1. Briefly explain how set-square can be used to draw vertical lines.
  2. Mention five drawing instruments.

Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)

Sub-Topic IV: Using the tee and set squares for drawing Lines

This is a practical topic. The teacher should DEMONSTRATE this as much as possible in class for the students

The various uses of setsquares are given below:

Uses of setsquares
Uses of setsquares

Types and Uses of Lines in Technical Drawing

TYPES OF LINESTHEIR USES
Thick continuous lineFor visible outlines and edges.
Thin continuous lineFor dimension lines, projection lines and construction lines.
Thin long chain lineFor cutting and viewing planes as centre lines and path lines for indicating movement
Thick continuous wavy lineFor short break lines and boundary lines.
Thin continuous wavy lineFor limits of partial views.
Thin ruled line with short zig-zagsFor long break lines.
Arrow headsUsed at the end of dimension lines
Dotted straight lineFor hidden outlines and edges

Boarder lines are also called margins.  A space of about 10-15mm is left all around the drawing paper and is demarcated with straight lines.  These drawing paper are called border lines. They beautify the drawing paper and protect the drawing inside.

Sub-Topic V:

Positioning and drawing the title block

Title Block:  It gives necessary information about the drawing such as name of designer, school, class, date, scale etc.  The title block is usually at the bottom right-hand corner of the drawing paper.

Sub-Topic VI:

Writing (freehand) legible letters and numerals

Lettering is the art of writing of letters (alphabets) and numbers (figures) in bold form or lower case form on drawing.

The most important point is that the characters of the lettering must be uniform, legible, equally spaced and well proportioned.  Lettering can be done either by free hand or with an instrument.  The two styles of lettering are vertical or inclined styles.

The teacher should DEMONSTRATE this as much as possible with the students.

EVALUATION: 

  1. Mention five drawing instruments required for good board practice.
  2. What type of drawing instrument can be used for drawing parallel line?
  3. What is lettering?

READING ASSIGNMENT:  Students should read about Board Practice

TEXT: NERDC Basic Technology for Junior Secondary Schools 1 Chapter 6 Pages 43-48.

WEEK-END ASSIGNMENT: 

  1. __________ is an instrument used for drawing parallel line (a) compass (b) ruler (c) divider (d) tee-square
  2. Pencils for lettering and freehand sketching should be sharpened to a ______ point (a) chisel (b) conical (c) pointed (d) curved
  3. ________________ are also called margin (a) leaf (b) border lines (c) centre lines (d) thick line
  4. _____________ and ________ are two styles of lettering.
  5. Thin continuous line can be used _______ (a) edges (b) construction lines (c) hidden outlines (d) path lines.

THEORY

  1. What is title block?
  2. What is lettering?

Marking Scheme

  • D (2) A (3) B (4) vertical and inclined (5) B

Theory

  1. Title block gives necessary information such as designers name, title, date, scale etc of the drawing.
  2. Lettering is the art of writing of letters (alphabets) and numbers (figures) in bold form or lower case form on drawing.

WEEK 3

DATE:

TOPIC:

Freehand Sketching

SUB-TOPICS:   (i) Definition or meaning

                              (ii)  Techniques of Sketching

Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)

Sub-Topic I: Definition or meaning

            Freehand sketching is one of the quickest methods by which the shape of an object can be communicated to others without using any drawing instrument except a pen or a pencil. Examples of free hand sketches are:

Freehand sketching Examples
Freehand sketching Examples

Freehand sketching is of advantage because a good sketch reduces the amount of writing needed to describe an object.

The teacher should DEMONSTRATE general examples of freehand sketches to the students

EVALUATION

What is freehand sketching?

Name the instruments used in Freehand Sketching.

Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)

Sub-Topic II:

Technique of Sketching

  1. Sketching a Straight line: A straight line is defined as the shortest distance between two points.  We can use freehand to draw a fairly straight line by the following procedures.
  2. Put a dash or dot far enough to the right-hand side of the paper.
  3. Start to draw a line from the left-hand side to join the dash or dot with your eyes fixed on the point.
  4. Sketching a curve:  To draw a curve by freehand, it will be necessary to plot some points not too far from each other at different levels, like this ——— with the points in position attempt to draw curves by joining the dashes or dots.
  5. Sketching a Circle: To draw circles, the easiest way is to draw lines which are equal in diameter to the circle in different directions.  Each line must be as faint and straight as possible, each crossing one another at a central point.  Now, join the points by little curves from the top of each line. Try to draw other circles by means of joining two large curves having half the size as radius and full size in diameter.
  6. Sketching a Square Box:  This can be sketched in an isometric or oblique view. Isometric views have the vertical height and the base lines included at 450 to the horizontal while the second base line is horizontal.  Once it is decided which view to represent, the block is drawn by using a series of straight lines both vertical and horizontal, applying the techniques discussed earlier.
  7. Sketching an Irregular Edge – Figures with irregular edges are best drawn by first sketching a regular or square block which can completely contain the object.  The shape is then carefully shaped by using dotted lines joined to show the desired shape with appropriate curves.

EVALUATION

  1. Briefly describe the technique of sketching a straight line and circle.
  2. What is freehand sketching?

READING ASSIGNMENT

Read about scale drawing against next lesson.

TEXT:  NERDC Basic Technology for Junior Secondary Schools 1 Chapter 7 Pages 49 – 56.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

  • ____________ is a shortest distance between two points.
  • A square box can be sketched in an _______ or __________

THEORY

  1. What is freehand sketching?
  2. State one advantage of freehand sketching.

MARKING SCHEME

  1. A straight line
  2. Isometric or oblique.

THEORY

  1. Freehand sketching is one of the quickest methods by which the shape of an object can be communicated to others without using any drawing instrument except a pen or a pencil.
  2. It reduces the amount of writing needed to describe an object.

WEEK 4

DATE:

TOPIC:

Scales and Scale Drawing

SUB-TOPICS:

i)          Reading graduation on the meter rule

ii)         Measuring and comparing given sizes

Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)

Sub-Topic I: Reading graduation on the meter rule

Meter Rule is a flat measuring device used to measure the length, height or width of an object. It is normally made of wood, plastic or metal. The meter rule is graduated in millimeters (mm) or centimeters (cm).

10mm = 1cm

Many kinds of meter rule are graduated between 0cm and 100cm. The straight parallel bars on the meter rule show the readings.

The teacher should DEMONSTRATE how to read the graduation on the meter rule to the students.

EVALUATION

The student should read the following points on the meter rule

  • 54.5cm
  • 72.3cm
  • 38.7cm
  • 84.2cm

Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)

Sub-Topic II:

Measuring and comparing given sizes

Measuring dimensions on the meter rule requires the following principles:

  1. Do not take measurement directly with compass or dividers. Use the meter rule
  2. Always place the meter rule along the line to be measured.
  3. Always make a short dash at right angles to the meter rule during measurement
  4. After setting off a dimension, always double-check your dimension to make sure that the distance is accurate
  5. Small letters are used for the various units of measurement
  6. For dimensions less than one, the decimal point comes after zero e.g. 0.25, 0.45, 0.85 etc
  7. The units cm and mm are not written besides dimensions after measurement but a note is made on the drawing stating the unit of all the dimensions.

The teacher should DEMONSTRATE how to measure various sizes and dimensions to the students

EVALUATION

Construct a plain scale of 100m to 1m to read 3m. Indicate the following dimensions on the scale:

  1. 1.15m
  2. 2.45m

READING ASSIGNMENT:  Students should read about: Scales And Scale Drawing

TEXT: NERDC Basic Technology for Junior Secondary Schools 1 Chapter 8 Pages 58 – 63

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

  1. Draw a line 68mm and an equivalent of it in cm indicating the dimension in cm
  2. Construct a plain scale that can be read up to 15cm and on it indicate
  3. 8.4cm        ii)         7.4cm              iii)        0.8cm

WEEK 5

DATE:

TOPIC:

Scales and Scale Drawing (contd.)

SUB-TOPICS:

(i)         Scales and Scale Drawing

(ii)        Materials for Scale Drawing

iii)        Types of Scales used in Drawing

Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)

Sub-Topic I:

Scales and Scale Drawing

Scales drawing is different from ordinary drawing or sketching because it provides an accurate representation of the objects under consideration. 

There are scales for reduction and for enlargement of the size of the object. 

Materials for Scale Drawing

  • Metric Rule:  This has two flat straight edges.  It is usually 30cm long.
  • Scale Rules:  These have three straight edges and are triangular in shape.  Each edge of the scale rule is graduated and each scale designation is marked on the rule.

EVALUATION

            What is Scale Drawing?

            Name two materials for Scale Drawing

Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)

Sub-Topic II:

Scale Drawing (Types of Scales Used in Drawing)

Some objects are too big for the actual size to be contained on our drawing paper while some are too small for the parts to be clearly seen. We need to draw both of them to scale.  Scale drawing is the drawing of a reduced size or an enlarged size of an object. Scale is usually given as a ratio and they are stated in the title block. 

Sub-Topic III:

 Types of Scales Used in Drawing

            A scale is used to draw or to read the sale on a drawing.

  • The full Scale/Size:   In this case, an object is drawn to its size in all dimensions.  Full size scale is 1:1
  • Reduced Scale Drawing:  The actual size of the object is reduced in proportion to the drawing.  Reduced size is used when the object is too big.  Reduced scale is used when the object is too big.  Reduced scale ratios are 1:2; 1:5; 1:10; 1:100; 1:1000 etc.
  • Enlarged Scale Drawing:  This is used when the object to be drawn is too small to be clearly seen.  Here, the normal size of the object is enlarged in proportion to the drawing.  Enlarged scale ratios are 2:1; 10:1; 100:1; 500:1; 1000:1 etc.  For example, 1000m:1mm means every 1000m on the drawing represents 1mm in actual size.

EVALUATION

  • Define Scale Drawing
  • What is the function of scale rule?
  • Mention two types of scales used in drawing.

READING ASSIGNMENT:  Students should read about: Scales And Scale Drawing

TEXT: NERDC Basic Technology for Junior Secondary Schools 1 Chapter 8 Pages 58 – 63

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

  • ________ provides an accurate representation of the objects under construction.
  •  Board Practice (b) Technical Drawing (c) Scale Drawing (d) Woodwork
  • _________ is the drawing of a reduced size or an enlarged size of the object.
  • Scale drawing (b) Electrical Electronics (c) Hard wood (d) Metal work
  • When the object to be drawn is too small to be clearly seen, we can use _______ scale
  • Full Scale (b) reduced scale (c) medium scale (d) enlarged scale drawing

THEORY

  1. Mention three types of scales used in drawing.
  2. What is scale drawing?

MARKING SCHEME

  1. (i)         The Full Scale/Size

(ii)        Reduced Scale drawing

(iii)       Enlarged Scale drawing

                        (3 marks each)  =  9 marks

  • (i)  Scale drawing provides an accurate representation of the objects under consideration.  (5 marks) OR

(ii)        Scale drawing is the drawing of a reduced size or an enlarged size of an object.

Total = 20 marks

WEEK: 6

DATE:

TOPIC:

Woodwork Hand tools:  Measuring and marking out tools

SUB-TOPIC:

(i) Measuring tools

(ii)  Setting and marking out tools

Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)

Sub Topic I:

Measuring tools

Measuring is one of the activities carried out on wood or metal in the workshop to get the accurate size of the work done. Examples of measuring tools are metric rule, inside calipers, outside calipers, pairs of dividers etc.  Metal or wood has to be measured into the required lengths relevant to the expected construction before cutting and construction can be done.

Metric Rule – Is the simplest measuring tool in a woodwork workshop.  It is made of metal, wooden, plastic or coiled tape rule.

            Calipers are measuring instruments that are used to measure the diameters of circular shapes. There are three types of calipers.

  • Inside caliper is used for measuring the diameter of the inner parts of a circular object.
  • Outside caliper is used to measure the diameter of a cylindrical bar.
  • Odd-leg caliper is used to measure the centre lines of round bars. This caliper is also called Jenny’s Caliper. 
  • Divider is similar to the actual place where it is needed.

EVALUATION

  1. What is measuring tools?
  2. What are calipers?

Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)

Sub Topic II:

 Setting and Marking out tools

 – are try-square, sliding bevel, mitre rule, square, compass etc.

            The next operation after measurements in woodwork or metalwork is marking out of the beginning and end of such measured lengths.

  1. Try Square – It is used to mark lines that form a right angle. It is used to test the square-ness of an edge.
Try Square
Try Square

  • Sliding bevel – It is used for duplicating angles and for setting out bevels.  The lines of such angles should not be 450
Sliding bevel
Sliding bevel

  • Mitre square – The mitre square is also used to mark angles, particularly angle 450
Mitre square
Mitre square

  • Compass – It is used to mark the arcs of a circle.
Compass
Compass

EVALUATION

  1. Explain the function of try square
  2. What is next operation after measurement?

Reading Assignment – Students should read about the driving tools.

TEXT:  NERDC Introductory Technology for Junior Secondary School 1 Chapter 9, pages 64 – 78

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

  1. ____ is used to mark the arcs of a circle.
  2. ______ is used to measure the diameter of a circular shape.
  3. Odd-leg caliper is also called ______________
  4. Tools used to measure the diameter of a cylindrical bar is _________

MARKING SCHEME

  1. Compass
  2. Caliper
  3. Jenny’s caliper
  4. Outside caliper

5 marks each   =  20 marks

WEEK: 7

DATE:

TOPIC:

 Driving and boring tools.

SUB-TOPICS:

  • Driving tools
  • Boring tools

Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)

Sub-Topic I:   

 Driving tools

            Driving tools are used to fix nails and screws into wooden and metal materials. Nails are the iron material with a flat head, smooth stem and sharp end. Screws look like nails but they have turned or twisted stem.

 Screws are driven into wood with screwdrivers while nails are driven into wood and metals with the use of hammers. 

Hammers are driving tools that have two parts – a head, which is made of iron and a wooden handle.

Types of hammers

 There are five types of hammers named according to the shape of the head.

  1. Ball peen hammer.
  2. Straight peen hammer
  3. Cross peen hammer
  4. Planishing hammer
  5. Blocking head hammer
  6. Straight-peen hammer is used for riveting while other end is used for shaping sheet metals.
  7. Ball-peen hammer is used for general purposes.
  8. Blocking head hammer has polished faces.  It is used for shaping sheet metal.
  9. Cross-peen hammer is used for drawing down and riveting.
  10. Planishing hammer is used by panel beaters for finishing.

Driving tools also include mallets. Mallets are soft-faced hammers, as shown in the figure below:

Mallets Examples
Mallets Examples

Screwdrivers are also driving tools and they have different shapes and sizes.  They are used to drive screw in and out of wood or metals. They have a long blade with a tip that can fit into the slots (grooves) in the head of the screw with either wooden or plastic handle.

  • Flat screwdriver used for screw having only one line slot on the head.
  • Star screwdriver is used for screws having a star opening on the head
  • Offset screwdriver is used whenever a straight screwdriver cannot be used.
  • Allen screwdriver is used for driving in or removing screws which have a hexagonal or square slot in their head.
Screwdriver tools
Screwdriver tools

EVALUATION

  1. What are driving tools?
  2. Mention and explain two types of hammer.
  3. What are screwdrivers?

Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)

Sub-Topic II:

 Boring tools

Boring is the act of making narrow holes in a material such as in wood or metal. Holes are bored in materials with tools called bits or drills. The boring tools are:

  1. The ratchet brace: this is the tool used to hold bits of various sizes in the chucks. Some of the bits include:
    1. Centre bit: for boring shallow holes in wood.
    1. Dowel bit : used where two components are to be held together by the dowel pin
    1. Countersink bit: used to enlarge the existing holes in wood.
    1. Double twist drill: used for boring deep hole in wood.

Ratchet brace
  • Gimlet: this is the tool used for boring holes in wood before inserting small nails and screws.
  • Bradawl: this tool can be used to replace gimlets, could be used as screw-driver to insert small screws, and could also be used for forming small holes before using screws or nails in the woodwork.

EVALUATION

  1. Mention two types of screwdrivers and their uses.
  2. Name and explain two types of hammer.
  3. Define boring tools.
  4. Give 5 examples of boring tools  and state their uses.

READING ASSIGNMENT:  Students should read about metal work holding devices.

TEXT:  NERDC Basic Technology for schools Chapter 9 pages 64 – 70

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

  1. Explain the uses of star screwdriver.
  2. What is hammer?

Marking Scheme

  1. Star screwdriver is used whenever a straight screwdriver cannot be used.
  2. Hammers are driving tools that have two parts head made of iron and wooden handle.  (5 marks each = Total 10 marks)

WEEK: 8

DATE:

TOPIC:

Woodwork tools: Holding devices, cutting and paring tools.

SUB-TOPICS:

 (i) Holding devices

 (ii) Cutting and paring tools.

Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)

Sub–Topic I:

Holding devices

Woodworking holding devices are the tools used to hold work piece on the workbench. Woodworkers work on workbenches.  It is on these benches that various woodwork constructions are carried out. The centre of the bench is usually lower than its two sides.  This area is called a ‘well’ and its function is to accommodate the tools brought from the tool cupboard to the bench top during operations. The tools cannot fall or roll on to the floor or on anyone’s feet because this part is lower than other area of the bench.

            The fittings are:

  1. Bench vice: also called fitter’s vice. It is used to clamp or to hold jobs when the following operations are to be carried out on the bench, filling, bending, tapping, cutting, assembling parts etc.
Bench vice
Bench vice

Other types of vice are:

Hand vice: used for holding work when performing operations such as drilling, riveting etc

Machine vice: It is fixed to the table of any machine tool.

The Care of the Vice

  1. Always keep the vice clean.
  2. The thread or the screw inside the vice should be oiled regularly.
  3. Do not use the vice as an anvil for hammering a job
  4. Always use hand force only to tighten the vice for holding the work piece.

2.   Bench Stop – There are many types of bench stops.  Some are made of wood while some are made of metals.  It is a small strip of wood fixed on top of the bench. It is used to prevent wood from slipping off the bench top during planning.

3.         Bench Hook – This is used for holding jobs during cutting and chiseling on the bench.  At the same time, it protects the bench top.

4.         The clamps

  1. G-Clamp – This is a metal clamp used for clamping small jobs together.  It is called a G-Clamp because of its shape which is in the form of letter ‘G’.  The clamp is ideal for holding small pieces of wood together.

G-Clamp
G-Clamp
  • F-Clamp – This is used like the G-Clamp. The clamp is in the form of letter ‘F’.
    • Sash-Clamp – it is a larger clamp used for holding and drawing woods tightly together when assembling or gluing work.

Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)

Sub-Topic II:

 Cutting and Paring tools

Saws and Planes are used in cutting and smoothing wood in the workshop respectively.  Saws are tools used for cutting wood.  There are two main groups of saws: bench saw and curve cutting saws.

            Curve cutting saws are:

  1. Coping Saw – This is used for cutting curve marked lines of wood. The blades can be adjusted to cut in any direction.

  • Fret Saw – This is used to cut curves in thin wood of 8mm thick or less.  It is used to cut plywood.
  • Bow Saw – is used to cut along curve marked lines but the wood has to be 50mm thick.
Bow Saw
  • Compass Saw – It is used for cutting large interior curves.
  • Keyhole – It is used mainly for internal curves where the bow saw cannot be used.
  • Rip Saw – Is used for cutting along the grain of the wood.
  • Tenon saw – Is used for cutting shoulders to tenon and recesses in board

Tenon saw
Tenon saw
  • Dovetail saw – Is also similar to tenon saw but it is much shorter.  It is used for cutting fine joints and also light sawing.
Dovetail saw
Dovetail saw
  • Panel Saw – Is used for sawing thin timber across the wood.
  • Cross-cut saw – Is used for cutting across the grain.
Cross-cut saw
Cross-cut saw

Types and Uses of planes

            Bench planes are used to obtain a good, smooth surface and to get the correct size required.  Bench planes are:

  1. Jack Plane – It is used to smoothen or remove marks from timber.  It is used to dress the surface and edges.
  2. Trying plane – It is used to produce flat surface and perfectly straight edges.
  3. Smoothing plane – It is used for clearing the surfaces and edges of timbers ready for assembling.
  4. Block plane – It is used for planning small work that is not easily accessible.
  5. Spoke shave – This is an example of a curve cutting plane used to produce smooth curve surfaces and edges.

EVALUATION

  1. Explain the three types of clamp
  2. Explain the structure of a workbench
  3. What is the main use of a saw?
  4. Mention 8 curve cutting saws

READING ASSIGNMENT – Students should read about concept of energy and power

TEXT: NERDC Basic Technology for Junior Secondary School 1 Chapter 9, Pages 70-78

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT –

  1. _________ is used for holding jobs during cutting and chiseling on the bench
  2. _________ is used to prevent wood from slipping off the bench top during planning
  3. _________ is made of cast iron, it is used to hold work piece securely while working
  4. _________ is ideal for holding small pieces of wood together
  5. ________ is used for holding and drawing woods tightly together when gluing work

THEORY

  1. List three different types of clamps you know.
  2. Mention three fittings in work bench.

MARKING SCHEME

  1. Bench hook
  2. Bench stop
  3. Vice
  4. G-clamp
  5. Sash-clamp

TOPIC:

 METAL WORK- HAND TOOL- Cutting and Driving tools

  1. CUTTING TOOLS

Cutting tools are tools used for cutting materials by either sawing, filing, chiseling, scraping.

Cutting tools include the following:

  1. Hacksaw
  2. Files
  3. Chisel
  4. Scraper
  1. Hacksaw

The hacksaw consists of two parts: the frame and the blade. It is used mainly for cutting metals in the metal workshop. We have (i) the adjustable hacksaw (accommodates different blades) (ii) tubular hacksaw (It has fixed frame) (iii) junior hacksaw (For cutting thin sheets)

  • Files

Files are used in forming metals to shape, by the principle of bit-by-bit removal. Files are used for finishing jobs to the required sizes and shapes, after they have been previously cut, using either a chisel or a hacksaw. Files are commonly made from high carbon steel (hardened and tempered). Their length, cross sectionals, shapes, grade, areas of cut and the nature of their cutting teeth, classifies files.

Grade selection

  1. Rough grade: Used for heavy cuts.
  2. Bastard grade: Used for medium cuts.
  3. Second grade: Used for light cuts.
  4. Smooth grade: Used for finish cuts.
  5. Dead smooth cut: Used for light grade finish cuts.

Types

  1. Flat file: Used to obtain flat surfaces.
  2. Hand file: Used to obtain flat surfaces.
  3. Round file: Used for forming small radii, and for opening out round holes.
  4. Half-round file: Used for filing curves of all shapes. It is usually double cut.
  5. Triangular file: Used for forming dovetail joints to shape and open up triangular holes and awkward corner.
  6. Knife-edge file: Used for forming small V-grooves to shape.
  7. Square file: Used for filing rectangular hole, narrow slots ad grooves, and for the finishing of square edges.

Methods of filing

  1. Across and from left to right
  2. Across and from right to left
  3. Draw filing

Evaluation

  1. State 3 key points about the use of chisel.
  2. Mention 7 types of chisel and their uses
  • Chisel

Chisels are mainly chipping tools used for shaping metals, where finishing by other means, such as filing, cannot be carried out. Chisels are made from high carbon steel (hardened and tempered)

Types of chisel

Flat chisel: Used for general work such as:

  1. Leveling metal surfaces
  2. Removing rivets, screws and bolt heads
  3. Rough-cutting sheet metals, and
  4. Cutting off excess metal after drilling

Cross-cut chisel: Used for:

  1. Cutting keyways on shafts and in holes
  2. Cutting spines and
  3. Cutting slots

Round-nose chisel: Used for:

  1. Cutting oil grooves in bearings and
  2. Cutting V-shaped grooves.

Diamond point Chisel: Used for:

  1. Cutting Vee grooves, and
  2. Cutting oil wells bearings:

Evaluation

  1. State 5 key points about the use of chisel.
  2. Mention 4 types of chisel and their uses
  • Scraper

Scrapers are used for removing imperfection from a surface that has been previously worked on. Scrapers are made from medium carbon steel (hardened and tempered)

Flat scraper: Used for making a surface accurately flat, after it has either been machined or filed. It requires high-level skill to use

Half-round scraper: Used for removing high spots on curved surfaces such as holes, bearings and large bores.

Triangular scraper: Used in awkward corners, where the use of the other scrapers proves difficult

Evaluation

  1. Outline the procedure for carrying out scraping work
  2. Mention 3 types of scraper and their uses
  1. DRIVING TOOLS

Driving tools are tools used for moving objects into metals through hammering, punching, or screw driving.

Driving tools are tools include the following:

  1. Hammers
  2. Punches
  3. Screwdrivers

HAMMERS

Hammers are the most commonly used of all tools. They consist of a metal head and a wooden handle.

Types of hammer

  1. Ball Pein Hammer: Used for riveting conical end rivets, while the other flat end is for striking.
  2. Cross Pein Hammer: Used for riveting in awkward places and flat end used for striking
  3. Straight Pein Hammer: Used for riveting in Vee-grooves.
  4. Special Hammers (Mallets): Used when steel head may be too strong for the job. They are made of lead, copper, rawhide, wood, plastic or rubber. They are called Mallet

PUNCHES

Punches are driving tools. They are used for punching holes in steel metal, driving out rivets, tapered pins or dowels from holes.

  1. Pin Punches: They are used for driving dowel pins, and holding shafts and lubs together.
  2. Round Punches: They are useful when a round sleeve or shaft has to be removed from a hole
  3. Square Punches: They are useful where a square bar sleeve has to be removed from a hole in which it is. It must be noted that all punches are aided by hammer strikes to achieve their goal.

SCREWDRIVERS

Screwdrivers are used for fixing or removing screws by their heads. This is done using the blade of the screwdriver. Screwdrivers are made from carbon steel (hardened and tempered)

Types of screwdriver

  1. Flat screwdrivers
  2. Star screwdrivers
  3. Ratchet screwdrivers
  4. Allen key

General Evaluation

  1. Define driving tools
  2. State 8 driving tools and their uses.
  3. State 3 examples of screwdriver

READING ASSIGNMENT

Read about MORE ON HAND TOOLS.

REFERENCE MATERIALS

NERDC- BASIC TECHNOLOGY BOOK 1, page

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

  1. Which of the following is not a cutting tool? (a) File (b) Chisel (c) Ceramic

(d) Hacksaw

  • One of the following is used for removing imperfection from a surface that has been previously worked on. (a) Hammer (b) Chisel (c) Scraper (d) Hacksaw
  • The following are examples of driving tools except ___(a) hammer (b) screwdriver

(c) caliper (d) punch

  • Which of the following is not a grade of file? (a) Rough grade (b) Bastard grade

(c) Second grade (d) fine grade

  • Which of the following hammer is used for riveting in awkward places and flat end used for striking to determine the centre of round shafts and holes? (a) Ball Pein hammer (b) Cross Pein hammer (c) Straight Pein hammer (d) Special hammer

THEORY

  1. Define the following hand tools (i) Cutting tools (ii) Driving tools
  2. State (i) 4 Cutting tools (ii) 3 Driving tools

TOPIC:

METAL WORK- HAND TOOL- Holding Devices

HOLDING DEVICES:

In order to work safely and conveniently on any work piece, it needs firmly secured. The devices used for holding these work piece firmly are called holding vices.

Holding devices include the following:

  1. Vices
  2. Clamps
  3. Pliers

VICES

Vices are used for holding objects rigidly in position, so that desired operations can be carried out. Vices are of various sizes, shapes and types.

Bench Vice:

The bench vice is used for all types of heavy work, like filing, chipping and sawing. It is fastened to the bench, near its edge, with bolts and nuts. It has two separate jaws that ensure a firm grip on a work piece.

Machine Vice

The machine vice is commonly used on drilling, milling and shaping machines. The jaws are left unseparated, so as not to leave any work an already finished surface.

Hand Vice

The hand vice is used for holding small work piece that cannot be handled conveniently by the bench vice because of their small size.

Leg Vice

Blacksmiths use the leg vice. It is used for holding work piece that require heavy blows to bend. The vice is therefore made from wrought iron that has the capacity to absorb heavy blows without being damaged.   8

Clamps

Clamps are also holding devices, used for holding work pieces for various jobs. Clamps are mainly of three types.

  1. Toolmaker’s clamp: The toolmaker’s clamp is used for holding metal in drilling operations, as well as for securing jobs on angle plates for marking out. It has two long screws one for tightening, and the other for locking.
  2. G-Clamp: The “G” Clamp is used by metalworkers for securing long work pieces to the table of a drilling machine, for drilling operations. It is used in conjunction with an angle plate to secure  big jobs when marking out.

Pliers

Pliers are useful general purpose holding tool.

TYPES OF PLIERS

  • Long nose pliers
    • Flat nose pliers
    • Round nose pliers

Evaluation

  1. Outline the procedure for using clamps
  2. Mention 4 types of pliers

GENERAL CARE OF HAND TOOLS

Metal work hand tools need careful handling during and after use. They should also be kept or stored properly to remain accurate, and to serve in the future. The following guidelines will help you to care for the workshop tools:

  1. Use the right tool for the right operation. Using the wrong can damage the tool and the work. It can also cause injury.
  2. After use, clean the tool before it is stored away.
  3. Store tools in an orderly manner. There are racks for drills, chisels and spanners. Tool s should be arranged in proper order, as this will make it easy to pick them up for use.
  4. Store tools away from pathways, so that they do not cause obstruction to free movement.
  5. Avoid keeping them in a damp place, as keeping them in damp place will them to rust and get damaged.

GENERAL EVALUATION

  1. State 5 general care of hand-tools.
  2. State 3 types of holding device.
  3. State and explain 4 types of vice.
  4. State 3 types of pliers and their uses.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Read about MORE ON HAND TOOLS.

REFERENCE MATERIALS

NERDC- BASIC TECHNOLOGY BOOK 1, page

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

  1. The devices used to keep jobs in the workshop firm to the work bench are called___ (a) cutting tools (b) driving tools (c) holding tools (d) marking out tools
    1. The following are examples of holding devices except___ (a) vices (b) clamps

(c) pliers (d) odd leg caliper

  • The type of vice, which is commonly used on drilling, milling and shaping machines is called_____  (a) bench (b) machine (c) leg (d) hand
    • Which of the following is not a type of clamp? (a) Drill (b) Pliers (c) Toolmaker’s

(d) G-Clamp

  • Which of the following is used for holding metal in drilling operations, as well as for securing jobs on angle plates for marking out (a) Drill (b) Pliers (c) Toolmaker’s

(d) G-Clamp

THEORY

  1. State the general care of hand tools.
  2. State 3 types of work holding devices and their uses

TOPIC:

 

METALWORK MACHINES

CONTENT

  • Definition
  • Shaping machine
  • Planing machine
  • Milling machine
  • Grinding machine
  • The drill press
  • The lathe machine

Definition

Metalwork machines are machines used for metal work operations. The various types of metalwork machines include the following:

  1. Shaping machine
  2. Planing machine
  3. Milling machine
  4. Grinding machine
  5. The drill press
  6. The lathe machine

Evaluation

  1. Define machine tools
  2. State 6 machine tools

1. The milling machine

A milling machine is a machine tool used to machine solid materials. Milling machines are often classed in two basic forms, horizontal and vertical, which refers to the orientation of the main spindle. Both types range in size from small, bench-mounted devices to room-sized machines. Unlike a drill press, which holds the workpiece stationary as the drill moves axially to penetrate the material, milling machines also move the workpiece radially against the rotating milling cutter, which cuts on its sides as well as its tip. Workpiece and cutter movement are precisely controlled to less than 0.001 in (0.025 mm), usually by means of precision ground slides and leadscrews or analogous technology. Milling machines may be manually operated, mechanically automated, or digitally automated via computer numerical control (CNC).

Milling machines can perform a vast number of operations, from simple (e.g., slot and keyway cutting, planing, drilling) to complex (e.g., contouring, diesinking). Cutting fluid is often pumped to the cutting site to cool and lubricate the cut and to wash away the resulting swarf.

Milling machine
Milling machine

2. Planning machine (Planer)

Metal-cutting machine tool in which the work piece is firmly attached to a horizontal table that moves back and forth under a single-point cutting tool. The tool-holding device is mounted on a cross rail so that the tool can be moved across the table in small sideward movements. Since the cutting tool can be moved at almost any angle, a wide variety of grooves and surfaces can be generated. Mechanical planers, or surfacers, are also used to smooth wood to an even thickness. Planers perform the same operations as shapers but can machine work pieces up to 50 ft (15 m) long.

A machine for the shaping of long, flat, or flat contoured surfaces by reciprocating the work piece under a stationary single-point tool or tools.

Planning machine
Planning machine

Milling machine

This is a machine tool that rotates a circular tool with numerous cutting edges arranged symmetrically about its axis, called a milling cutter. The metal work piece is usually held in a vise clamped to a table that can move in three perpendicular directions. Cutters of many shapes and sizes are available for a wide variety of milling operations. Milling machines cut flat surfaces, grooves, shoulders, inclined surfaces, dovetails, and T-slots. Various form-tooth cutters are used for cutting concave forms and convex grooves, for rounding corners, and for cutting gear teeth.

A machine for the removal of metal by feeding a work piece through the periphery of a rotating circular cutter. It is  known as miller.

Milling machine 2

The drill press

This is m machine tool for producing holes in hard substances. The drill is held in a rotating spindle and is fed into the work piece, which is usually clamped in a vise supported on a table. The drill may be gripped in a chuck with three jaws that move radially in unison, or it may have a tapered shank that fits into a tapered hole in the spindle. Means are provided for varying the spindle speed and (on some machines) for automatically feeding the drill into the work piece. See also boring machine. A drilling machine, in which a vertical drill, moves into the work, which is stationary.

The lathe machine

Lathe (lāth), machine tool for holding and turning metal, wood, plastic, or other material against a cutting tool to form a cylindrical product or part. It also drills, bores, polishes, grinds, makes threads, and performs other operations. Its principal parts are the headstock (attached to the bed or base of the machine), which holds one end of the material in a rotating spur; the tailstock, which holds the other end, moves along the bed, and can be clamped in position at any point; the cutting tool; and the power feed, comprising the drive and its motive parts.

Machine tool that performs turning operations in which unwanted material is removed from a work piece rotated against a cutting tool. Lathes are among the oldest and most important machine tools, used in France from 1569 and important in the Industrial Revolution in England, when they were adapted for metal cutting. Lathes (usually called engine lathes) today has a power-driven, variable-speed horizontal spindle to which the work holding device is attached. Operations include turning straight or tapered cylindrical shapes, grooves, shoulders, and screw threads and facing flat surfaces on the ends of cylindrical parts. Internal cylindrical operations include most of the common hole-machining operations, such as drilling, boring, reaming, counter boring, countersinking, and threading with a single-point tool or tap. See also boring machine.

Lathe:

A machine for shaping, boring, facing, or cutting a screw thread in metal, wood, etc., in which the work piece is turned about a horizontal axis against a fixed tool

The lathe machine is regarded as the father of all machine tools because apart from being used for turning cylindrical surface (external and internal) it can perform other operations which are peculiar to other machines.

Thus, it is possible to carry out the following operations on the lathe machine:

  • Turning (production of cylindrical of flat such as plumb bulb, centre punch)
  • Facing (production of flat surfaces)
  • Screw cutting (external and internal)
  • Grinding (external and internal)
  • Slotting
  • Taper turning (production of conical surface )

Parts of the lathe machine

  1. Bed: This provides a plane surface for mounting and moving accessories at a constant level.
    1. Head stock: This holds the main spindle and houses the arrangement for driving and speed variation
    1. Main spindle: This rotates the work and transmits movement to saddle.
    1. Tailstock: It is used to support work being turned between centres.
    1. Saddle and cross slide: These are used for mounting the tool for cylindrical work.
    1. Lead screw: Moves the saddle at rates relative to the rotation of the work.
    1. Compound slide: This permit movement of the tools at angles other than a right angle (e.g. for conical work)
    1. Centres: These support work drilled at end centres
    1. Steadies: These support work to prevent bending. They can be either of fixed type bolted to the end of the bed, or of the traveling type bolted to the saddle which prevents vibration during machining of long and slender shafts.

Wood holding methods

Work holding methods on a lathe machine include:

  • Catch and center: This method is used when matching ordinary work between centres. Matching between centres is used when chuck matching is impossible.
  • Face plate: The pace plate has slots for clamping or holding jobs with T-bolts Chuck: A chuck holds cylindrical work which is to be done in setting. It may be of the three-jaw, self-centering, chuck which grips irregular jobs more efficiently than three-jaw chuck.

SHAPER

SHAPER

A shaper is analogous to a planer, but smaller, and with the cutter riding a ram that moves above a stationary workpiece, rather than the entire workpiece moving beneath the cutter. The ram is moved back and forth typically by a crank inside the column; hydraulically actuated shapers also exist.

 

Operation

Shaper linkage. Note the drive arm revolves less for the return stroke than for the cutting stroke, resulting in a quicker return stroke and more powerful cutting stroke.

A shaper operates by moving a hardened cutting tool backwards and forwards across the workpiece. On the return stroke of the ram the tool is lifted clear of the workpiece, reducing the cutting action to one direction only.

The workpiece mounts on a rigid, box-shaped table in front of the machine.

The height of the table can be adjusted to suit this workpiece, and the table can traverse sideways underneath the reciprocating tool, which is mounted on the ram. Table motion may be controlled manually, but is usually advanced by an automatic feed mechanism acting on the feedscrew. The ram slides back and forth above the work. At the front end of the ram is a vertical tool slide that may be adjusted to either side of the vertical plane along the stroke axis. This tool-slide holds the clapper box and toolpost, from which the tool can be positioned to cut a straight, flat surface on the top of the workpiece. The tool-slide permits feeding the tool downwards to deepen a cut. This adjustability, coupled with the use of specialized cutters and toolholders, enable the operator to cut internal and external gear tooth profiles, splines, dovetails, and keyways.

The ram is adjustable for stroke and, due to the geometry of the linkage, it moves faster on the return (non-cutting) stroke than on the forward, cutting stroke. This action is via a slotted link or whitworth link.

USES

The most common use is to machine straight, flat surfaces, but with ingenuity and some accessories a wide range of work can be done. Other examples of its use are:

Evaluation

1.  State the function of the following:

  • Shaping machine
  • Planing machine
  • Milling machine

2.  State the function of the following:

  • Grinding machine
  • The drill press
  • The lathe machine

Reading Assignment

Read more about METALWORK MACHINES

Reference Materials

  1. MELROSE BASIC SCIENCE BASIC TECHNOLOGY BOOK 2, page 106-113
  2. NERDC, Introductory Technology for JSS, book 3, pages 84 – 112

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

  1. Which of the following is a machine tool A. Circular sawing machine B. Surface planing machine C. Milling machine D. Thicknessing machine 
  2. Which of the following is used to rotates the work and transmits movement to saddle of a lathe A. the bed B. the headstock C. the saddle cross slide D. main spindle
  3. Which of the following provides a plane surface for mounting and moving accessories at a constant level on a lathe machine  A. the bed B. the headstock C. the saddle cross slide D. main spindle
  4. Which of the following permits movement of tool at angle other than right angle ( e.g. for conical work)  A. the compound slide B. the head stock C. the slide cross slide D. main spindle
  5. The following are work holding methods except A. catch and carrier B. face plate C. saddle  D. chuck

Theory

1.  State the function of the following:

  • Shaping machine
  • Planing machine
  • Milling machine

2.  State the function of the following:

  • Grinding machine
  • The drill press
  • The lathe machine

WEEK: 9

DATE:

TOPIC:

 Energy and Power

SUB-TOPICS:

(i) Concept of energy and power.

(ii) Forms of energy

(ii) Relationship between energy and power.

Content Development (NOTES FOR FIRST LESSON/PERIOD ONE)

Sub-Topic I:

Concept of energy and power

Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Energy is not something we can touch or see. We can only see its effect. The standard unit for measuring energy is the Joule (J). It can also be measured in KiloJoule (KJ)

The following are the properties of energy:

  • Energy exists in different forms. E.g. heat, chemical, kinetic etc
  • Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
  • Energy can be converted from one form to another.eg electrical to heat as in pressing iron, chemical to heat as in gas cooker, etc

The concept of power is a scientific concept which makes it possible to rate appliances, machines and engineering system as regards to how they use energy or perform work. The concept of power can be specified as:

Electrical power: relates to electrical and electronics appliances and equipment. It is the rate at which electrical energy is consumed. It is measure in Watt (W).

Mechanical power relates to machines and mechanical system. Basically

Power =           Energy

Time taken

Energy is used in the following ways:

Energy and power
Energy and power

Sub-Topic II:

Forms of Energy

The major forms of energy are:

  1. Heat energy: This is the form of energy which leads to the rise in temperature of a body. It can be obtained from burning fire wood, coal, gas, kerosene e.tc. The heat generated from these sources is used mostly in cooking.
  2. Mechanical energy: This is the energy of motion or potential for motion. Mechanical energy is used by falling objects, flying objects, flowing objects. There are two types of mechanical energy. These are :

Kinetic energy: energy possessed by a moving object. A hammer descending on a nail to drive it into wood has kinetic energy.

Potential energy: energy a body possesses because of its position. A body at a high position has higher potential energy than a body at a low position.

  • Electrical energy: this is the energy we use to operate electrical appliances like fans, radio, television set, electric irons etc. we obtain electrical energy from Power Holding Company of Nigeria which supplies electrical energy to our homes. We also obtain electrical energy from generators we use in our homes, batteries.
  • Chemical energy: this is the energy stored in chemical substances like food, kerosene, wood, animal dung, sawdust, etc. The chemical energy in the food produces muscular energy which keeps us going.  
  • Sound energy: sound energy stimulates our ear and vibrates the air. Sound is energy because it vibrates the air and the vibrated air strikes our ear, which hear the sound.

Light / Solar energy:

Light / solar energy comes from the sun, which releases the energy through its rays. Solar energy from the sun dries clothes after they are washed. Without solar energy, photosynthesis cannot occur, without photosynthesis plants cannot grow, and without plants, human beings cannot and animals will not have food. Solar energy generates heat.

  • Nuclear energy: this is used to generate electricity in a nuclear power generating station. However, nuclear energy is very dangerous if not controlled. It can cause harm to both animals and plants. Hence nuclear power stations are not common.

EVALUATION

  1. Define the term energy.
  2. State the three properties of energy
  3. Mention six major forms of energy
  4. When fuel is burnt, the form of energy released is ———

Content Development (NOTES FOR SECOND LESSON/PERIOD TWO)

Sub-Topic (III):

Relationship between energy and power

Work:Work is done when energy is used. To say that work is done means that a force has been used to move something through a distance. The force applied determines the amount of work done and the distance moved in the direction of the force. Work (w) is then a product of force (f) and distance (d).

It can be expressed as W = F x d.

The unit of force is Newton (N) while distance is measured in Newton metres (Nm) which is also called joule (j).

Power:is the rate at which work is done.

Power (P) = work done    

                     Time taken

Power is measured Watt (w)

Example: A man lifts a load of 50kg from the ground to a height of 6metres within a time lift of 5 seconds. Calculate (i) the work done by the man.

(ii) The mechanical power consumed in lifting the load. Assuming g = 9.8m/s

SOLUTION

  • Work done = force x distance

= 50 x 9.8 x 6

=2940 joules

=2.94KJ

  • Mechanical Power = work done

Time taken

                                    =          Force       x      distance

                                                            Time

                                    =          50  x  9.8  x6

                                                            5

                                    =          588watt.

EVALUATION

1a.     List four forms of energy.

b.      What is energy?

2.      What is power?

3.      Mention four sources of energy

READING ASSIGNMENT – Students should read over all the topics that have been thought for the preparation of their examination.

TOPIC:

 TYPES OF BUILDINGS& BUILDING MATERIALS

CONTENT

Content

  • Types of Building
  • Common building materials
  • Doors
  • Windows

Types of building

  • Bungalow: It is dwelling built in a style developed from that of a form of rural house in India. The original bungalow typically has one story, few rooms, and a maximum of cross drafts, with high ceilings, unusually large window and door openings, and verandas on all sides to shade the rooms from the intense light and tropical heat. A house that is built on one level.
  • One-storey building: A house that has a ground floor and the first floor only.
  • Multi-storey building: A house that has many levels.
  • Skyscrapers: A very tall building.
  • Detached building: A house that is joined with another building at one side.
  • Semi-Detached building: A house that is joined with another building at one side.

Bungalow
Bungalow
  • Duplex: A house that is made up of two apartments.
  • Mansion: A very large house.
  • Terraced houses: These are blocks of building that are constructed together side by side.

Evaluation

  1. State ten(10) types of building and explain.What type of building is the ‘Diligence campus of Good Shepherd School’.

COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS

Building materials could be natural or man-made and can be classified into:

  1. Primary/non-convectional materials: These are materials used for constructing buildings in their natural state without any processing. They are also known as traditional materials e.g. mud, stone, grass, straw, timber etc.
  2. Secondary/convectional materials: These are materials that have undergone processing and have changed in structure e.g.cement, steel, bricks, precast concrete, glass, etc.

Materials used in building construction

 Building ElementPrimary materialsSecondary material
1.FoundationMud, StoneSand-Crete blocks
2.WallMud, Stone, timber, bamboo, mud bricksSand-Crete blocks, red bricks
3.Wall decorationAnimal dung, local dye, cowriesCement plaster, paints, tiles
4.RoofBamboo, forest wood, corrugated metal sheetsSeasoned timber, planks, nails
5.CeilingMat, asbestosAsbestos, plywood, plaster of Paris (P.O.P)
6.FloorMud, cement screedConcrete
7.WindowTimber, matGlass, aluminum, metal, timber
8DoorsWood/planksPlywood, timber, metal
9.Wall ShelveForest woodTimber, plywood, glass
10.LintelThick timberConcrete with iron rod
11.ColumnsWooden posts timber, Mud bricksConcrete poles with reinforcement

Evaluation

  1. List five primary and secondary building materials.
  2. Mention five materials used in constructing window.

DOORS

Movable barrier installed in the entry of a room or building to restrict access or provide visual privacy. Early doors were hides or textiles. With monumental architecture came pivoting doors of rigid, permanent materials; important chambers often had stone or bronze doors. Pompeiian doors looked much like modern wooden doors; they were constructed of stiles (vertical planks) and rails (horizontal planks) fastened together to support panels and occasionally equipped with locks and hinges. The typical Western medieval door was of vertical planks backed with horizontal or diagonal bracing. In the 20th century, a single, hollow-core panel door became most common. Other types include the revolving door, folding door, sliding door (inspired by the Japanese shoji), rolling door, and Dutch door (divided horizontally so that the lower or upper part can be opened separately).

Door 2

Functions of doors

  1. They serve means of shutting and opening the entrance or exit.
  2. They serve as barriers against dangers and attacks
  3. They serve as protection of lives and properties.
  4. They serve as means of ventilation.

Types of doors

  1. Interior doors
    1. Panel doors
    1. Flush doors
    1. French doors
    1. Louver doors
  2. Exterior doors: They are used for decorative purpose only. They are carefully chosen to suit the architectural design of the building.
  3. Sliding doors: They are space-saving doors, which are for closets in bedrooms.
  4. Folding Doors: These are doors, which are easily installed as they as they take little
  5. Revolving Doors: They are usually traffic control doors within a building

Evaluation

  1. State four(4) functions of doors
  2. State five(5) types of doors

WINDOWS

Windows, today, are more of architectural features rather than mere necessary opening in a wall.

Window

Function of windows

  1. It is used for admitting light and air.
  2. It serves as barriers to dangers and attacks.
  3. It is used to allow ventilation.

We have the following architectural designed windows:

  1. Bull’s eye windows
  2. Semi-circular headed windows.
  3. Cant bay windows
  4. Dormer windows

Evaluation

  1. State four(4) functions of windows
  2. State five(5) types of windows

Reading Assignment

Read BUILDING CONSTRUCTION I

Reference Materials

  1. NERDC, Introductory Technology for JSS, book 3, pages 218 -228
  2. EVANS, Introductory Technology for JSS, book 3, pages 130 -138

Weekend Assignment

  1. The following are types of building except (a) Terraced house (b) Sheraton  hotel

(c) Bungalow (d) Sky scraper

  • Blocks of building that are constructed together side by side is called ____ (a) Terraced house (b) one-storey (c) Bungalow (d) Sky scraper
  • The following are building operations except (a) setting out (b) erection of walls

(c) roofing (d) contracting

  • The type of floor that consists of a series of closely spaced reinforced I-beams framing into girders is called __ (a) one-way ribbed slab (b) one-way reinforced floors (c) two-way reinforced floors (d) pre-cast concrete floors
  • The following are examples of interior doors except (a) panel doors (b) flush doors

(c) French doors (d) revolving doors

Theory

  1. State the functions of door.
  2. State the different types of floor

TOPIC:

 BUILDING MATERIALS (CONTD) & BUILDING COMPONENTS

CONTENT

  • Floors
  • Types of Floors
  • General Floor Finishes
  • Roof

FLOORS

This is a flat bottom surface in or on any structure. It is a rigid building assembly that divides space horizontally into stories. It forms the bottom of a room. It may consist of joist-supported wood planks or panels, decking or panels supported by wood or steel beams, a slab of stone or concrete on the ground, or a reinforced-concrete slab carried by concrete beams and columns. The floor assembly must support its own dead load plus the live load of occupants, activities, and furnishings. The horizontal supports beneath its top surface—and the vertical supports into which they frame—must be sufficiently large and spaced closely enough to prevent sagging of the assembly

Types of floors

  1. Solid Floors: These are concrete which may simply be finished with smooth surface or laid with tiles (plastic and linoleum floor tiles), which are not normally laid down in specifications.
  2. Suspended Floors: It consists of wood, which is nailed over solid lengths of timber, ends of which are supported by the main walls of building.

Evaluation

  1. Describe a floor.
  2. State the different types of floor.

We have the following types of solid floors:

  • One-way reinforcing system: The reinforcing elements are laid to run in one direction
  • Two-way reinforcing system:  The reinforcing elements are laid to run in two

directions.

  • Concrete slab floor with light gauge decking: These are light gauge steel deck, covered with a concrete slab.
  • One-way ribbed slab floor: This type of floor consists of series of closely spaced reinforced I-beams framing into framing into girders.
  • Pre-cast concrete floor system: It involves the production of standard pre-cast  members, which use ordinary reinforcing bars

General floor finishes

Surface of floors in dwelling houses may be terrazzo finished, painted, waxed, tiled, or carpeted. Other types of finish are in the form designs such as parquetry flooring e.t.c.

  1. Parquet floor
  2. Terrazzo floor
  3. Tile floor or linoleum (rubber)

Evaluation

  1. State five(5) types of flooring system.
  2. State three(3) general floor-finishes.

ROOF

Roof is a building structure that provides covering for the entire building and protects any internal decoration or fittings from the weather and thereby rendering the house habitable.

Types of roofing

There are different kinds of roof today but we are going to emphasize only the most common ones found around and these include: Gambrel, Shed, Hip, Butterfly, Gable, or Pitched, Flat (made of galvanized metal sheet or concrete), Monitor, Half monitor, Arched, Combination, Lean-to, Collar and Mansard roof respectively.

COMMON ROOFS

  1. Hip roof: The hip roof has four slanting surfaces from a peak known as ridge. It has a shortening effect on the length of the building roof.
  2. Pitched roof: (Gabble): It has two surfaces sloping away from the ridge. A typical characteristic of pitched roof is a cavity wall at gable end, and vent between the fascia and suffit, which prevents the rafter timbers from disintegration.
  3. Shed roof: This is the simplest form of roof construction, having only one slope usually to the rear of building.
  4. Butterfly roof: This is a double shed roof which slopes inwards with
  5. Half roof
  6. Half Monitor roof
  7. Monitor roof
  8. Combination roof
  9. Arched roof
  10. Mansard roof

Evaluation

  1. State five(5) types of roofs.
    1. Sketch five(5) types of roofs.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Read BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Reference Materials

  1. NERDC, Introductory Technology for JSS, book 3, pages 218 – 228
  2. EVANS, Introductory Technology for JSS, book 3, pages 130 – 138

Weekend Assignment

  1. ____ is a building structure that provides covering for the entire building (a) door (b) windows (c) roof (d) floor
  2. Which of the following is geometrically inclined (a) Bull’s eye window (b) French window (c) panel window (d) combination window
  3. The following are functions of windows except (a) It is used for admitting light and air.(b) It serves as barriers to dangers and attacks. (c) It is used to allow ventilation. (d) It is used for collection of rain
  4. The following are functions of roof except (a) Shed (b) Hip      (c) Butterfly (d) panel
  5. The type of roof that is suitable for factory is (a) hip roof (b) butterfly (c) monitor (d) panel roof

Theory

  1. Mention nine(9) types of roof.
  2. State the functions of windows.

TOPIC: 

DRAWING PRACTICE: DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS

CONTENT

  • Definition of Technical Drawing
  • Drawing Instruments and Materials
  • Drawing Instruments and Materials
  • Care and Storage Of Drawing Instruments and Materials

DEFINITION OF TECHNICAL DRAWING

Technical drawing is a universal language used for communication among technical people.

Technical people are the engineers, technicians, builders, draughts men, etc.

It is the language expressed in terms of graphical illustrations which convey the idea of the shape, size and other features of engineering components used in the manufacturing and construction industries.

We study drawing so that we can draw objects for people to see and understand what we have in mind without talking or writing too much

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS I

A good and accurate drawing can be made through constant practice with the aid of drawing instruments and materials.

Below are some examples:

  1. Drawing board
  2. Tee square
  3. Compass
  4. Divider
  5. Drawing paper
  6. Sharpener
  7. Drawing pencil
  8. Adhesive tape
  9. Eraser
  10. Emery cloth
  11. Glass paper

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS II

Other lists of drawing instruments and materials which are made up of acrylic (transparent plastic) include:

  1. Set squares (300 by 600 and 450 by 450)
  2. Protractor
  3. Scale rule
  4. Metric rule
  5. French curve
  6. Template
  7. Lettering set

EVALUATION

  1. Define technical drawing and list five examples of technical people.
    1. List five example each of (a) acrylic materials (b) non-acrylic material

CARE AND STORAGE OF DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS

Drawing board

  1. Do not use pins for fastening your paper to the board, rather use tapes or clips
  2. Do not use a razor blade to cut something on the surface.
  3. Always cover the surface with cardboard.
  4. Keep the drawing board in a safe place.

TEE SQUARE

  1. Never use the tee square as a walking stick.
  2. Do not use a pen knife or blade along the edge of the tee square.
  3. Always hang your tee square after use.
  4. Always keep your tee square clean.

SET SQUARE, SCALE RULE, PROTRACTOR

  1. Do not use any sharp object on them.
  2. Keep them away from fire.
  3. Always keep them in a safe place after use.

PAIR OF COMPASS OR DIVIDER

  1. Do not sit or step on them.
  2. When not in use, keep them away in a safe container.
  3. Never use a compass or divider as paper holder.
  4. Do not use their needle point to punch holes.

EVALUATION

  1. Mention two ways by which you can take care of drawing board.
    1. Mention two ways by which you can take care of set square and protractor.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Read on Drawing instruments and materials from Introductory Technology (JSS1) by Melrose.Pages 135-140

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

  1. _______ is a universal language used for communication among technical people (a)Scaling

(b) Technical drawing (c) Sketching (d) Oblique.

  • Technical people include the following except (a) engineers (b) technicians(c) builders and draughtsman (d) lawyer
  • Which of the following is not a drawing instrument (a) set squares (b) French curve

(c) microscope (d) pencil

  • The following are the ways of caring for a tee square except (a) use it as a toy gun (b) never use the tee square as a walking stick (c) do not use a pen knife or blade along the edge of the tee square (d) always hang your tee square after use.
  • Set squares are used to draw the following inclined angles except (a) 300 (b)600 (c)450 (d) 700

THEORY

  1. Define technical drawing.
  2. Mention five (5) drawing instruments and materials.
  3. State five (5) drawing instruments and materials which are made up ofacrylic (transparent plastic).
  4. State how to care for (a) a drawing board (b) a tee square (c) a set square

WEEK 10-12:  Revision and Examination

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