Agricultural Science Plan Notes of Lesson Basic 7 (JSS1) 2nd Term

JSS1 Second term Agriculture Free Lesson Notes. Basic 7 Agricultural Science Plan for Secondary School. Classes of farm animals.

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE SCHEME OF WORK FOR BASIC 7 SECOND TERM

WEEKSTOPICSLEARNING OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
1Revision of last term’s work 
2Uses / Importance of farm animalsIdentify farm animals , outline the uses of farm animals, forms of animals
3Classes of farm animalsState classes of farm animals, dairy animals, guard animals, poultry birds, aquatic animals and pet animals
4Characteristics of selected farm animalsExplain large animals, cattle, sheep , goats
5Characteristics of selected farm animalsState small animals, poultry, rabbits
6Importance of keeping farm animals, food, protection, pet, income etc.Identify animals that are kept for security purpose, outline animals product that serve as food, give reasons why some animals are kept as pets
7MID TERM BREAKMid-term Test
8Common Weeds and ControlExplain meaning of weed, state common weeds, effects of weeds on vegetation and soil, methods of weed control
9Crop pestsTell meaning of Pests, classification of pest, non-insect/ invertebrate pets / vertebrate pet. Classes of insects pets based on their mouth part (sucking,biting insects) names, description
10Crop Pest: Methods of controlExplain / Describe important insects pets, method of pets control, physical, chemical
11Revision 
12Examination 

WEEK:          ONE                                                              

TOPIC:          REVISION OF LAST TERM’S WORK/ WELCOME TEST

WEEK:        2                 DAY:                              SUBJECT:

DATE:                            TOPIC:  

SUBTOPIC:                    PERIODS:                      DURATION:

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:      

At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

  1. State the uses of farm animals
  2. Explain the uses of farm animals

KEY VOCABULARY WORDS:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:

CONTENT:

USES / IMPORTANT OF FARM ANIMAL

  1. FOOD AND FEED:  The major importance of farm animals is the provision of food protein which is essential to good health
  2. EMPLOYMENT:  Livestock production constitutes a full time occupation for some farms.  These farmers derived all their product for these animals as milk, eggs and wools
  3. CLOTHING:  Sheep are used both for the production of meat and wool.  The farmers remove the wool, using an instrument called shears (shearing) from the animals just at the beginning of the hot weather every year.  The woll is sold to the textile industry where it is used in making materials such as woolen dresses, cardigans, pull over socks and hats.
  4. WORK:  In Nigeria, large farms and animals like cattle (e.g. Red Bororo) are used for ploughing the field in the Northern parts of the country.  Other animals such as the donkey and camel are used to carry heavy loads from place to place.
  5. MANURE:  While grazing farm animals e.g. cattle drop their faeces on the field.  The faeces constitutes a good source of organic manure (Farm yard manure which enriches the soil for subsequent crops.
  6. PLEASURE AND PROTECTION:  Some animals are kept mainly for pleasure, racing or protection of their owners.  Animals such as cats are kept for pets.  Also animals kept in the zoo are kept for reaction and pleasure of the visitors. Horses are kept for racing and riding during ceremonies occasions, dog is sued to protect, its owners against thieves or other invaders and it is also used for hunting small wild animals by hunters.

WEEK:        3                 DAY:                              SUBJECT:

DATE:                            TOPIC:  

SUBTOPIC:                    PERIODS:                      DURATION:

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:      

At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

  1. State the form of farm animals
  2. Explain the forms of farm animals

KEY VOCABULARY WORDS:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:

CONTENT: 

FORMS OF FARM ANIMALS

  1. WORK ANIMALS:  These are animals used as a source of labour from doing farm work such as tilling the soil and carrying farm produce.  Some breed of cattle are exceptional as work animals to perform certain farm operation.  Other animals such as donkeys and camels are used to carry load from place to place
  2. DIARY ANIMALS:  These are farm animals reared mainly for milk production.  Some breed of cattle is the major dairy animals because they are good milk producers.  However, sheep and goat can also be kept for milk production
  3. BEEF ANIMALS:  These animals are kept for meat production, almost all farm animals are kept for the purpose of feeding on their flesh e.g. sheep, cattle, goat, pig, poultry and fish all produce flesh eaten as food for man.
  4. GUARD ANIMALS:  These animals are kept for security purpose for instance dogs are kept to protect his owners and guard his properties or farm compound.  They can be trained to track down thieves.
  5. POULTRY (BIRD):  These are domesticated bird.  They produce meat and eggs used as food.  The common of poultry are chicken, duck, guinea fowl, turkey and geese
  6. PET ANIMALS:  These are animals kept in houses as pet.  They are kept at home for pleasure rather than for work or food.  Dogs, fats, fish can be kept as pets
  7. AQUATIC ANIMALS:  These are animals that live in water.  Hence they are domesticated in water environment fish is the most important aquatic animal to man some breeds of fish has been domesticated by man.  Examples are cat fish, tilapia and so on.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED FARM ANIMALS

WEEK:        4                 DAY:                              SUBJECT:

DATE:                            TOPIC:  

SUBTOPIC:                    PERIODS:                      DURATION:

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:      

At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

  1. State the characteristic of farm animals
  2. Explain the characteristics of farm animals

KEY VOCABULARY WORDS:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:

CONTENT: CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED FARM ANIMALS

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FARM ANIMAL

CHARACTERISTICS OF CATTLE

  1. It has large body size
  2. It is a ruminant that grazes on herb and pasture
  3. It has four pairs of hoofs on each limb
  4. Male and female have horns
  5. Calves at least once in a year
  6. Produces a calf in one parturition
  7. The udder has four glands
  8. Well formed earlobes
  9. The gestation period is between 283-305 days
  10. Their puberty age ranges between 8-12 months

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SHEEP

  1. They have medium size with long legs
  2. Have long thin tail which hang down
  3. The ear lobes are long and dropping
  4. They are grazers and can also scavenger on relish of road size
  5. They are kept mostly for meat, wool, fleese and milk purposes
  6. Leather from sheep hides are sued to make shoe, gloves and jackets
  7. They seem to be very stupid in appearance and behaviour
  8. The gestation period is between 151-154 days or 51/12 months.
  9. Only the males have horns, but the female are polled
  10. Twining is very common (Delivery of twins).

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GOATS

  1. They are very hard and can survive unfavourable environment conditions
  2. They have medium size
  3. Male and female have horns
  4. They are vey prolific and can produce kids three times in two years
  5. Have unturned tail
  6. They are reared mostly for meat, skin, milk and fibre
  7. They are the most acceptable breed of farm animals
  8. Male is often with beards
  9. The gestation periods between 145, 154 days or 4-5 month
  10. They are mostly reared on the extensive system

WEEK:        5                 DAY:                              SUBJECT:

DATE:                            TOPIC:  

SUBTOPIC:                    PERIODS:                      DURATION:

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:      

At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

  1. Define Poultry
  2. State the characteristics of selected farm animals
  3. State common types of poultry
  4. Explain the characteristics of rabbits and pigs

KEY VOCABULARY WORDS:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:

CONTENT: 

CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED FARM ANIMALS

Poultry , in animal husbandry , birds raised commercially, or domestically for meat, eggs and feathers. Chicken , ducks, turkeys and geese are of primary commercial importance while guinea fowl and squabs are chiefly of local interest.

BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POULTRY ANIMALS

  1. Poultry are social , inquisitive animals with strong territorial instinct
  2. They put themselves to  bed in the same spot every night and enjoy being with other birds.
  3. They should never be kept alone and form a clear pecking order or hierarchy within their group.

The five common types of poultry are

  1. Chickens
  2. Ducks
  3. Geese
  4. Turkeys
  5. Guinea fowl

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RABBITS

  1. They are furry mammals with long ears, short fully tails, and strong large hind legs.
  2. They have 2 pairs of sharp incisors(front teeth), one pair on top and one pair on the bottom
  3. They have 2 peg teeth behind the top incisors
  4. They can live for up to 12 years
  5. They are masters of hearing
  6. Their eyesight isn’t bad either and a single bunny is a lonely bunny
  7. They are closer to wild rabbits than you might think
  8. They communicate using a secret code
  9. Baby Rabbits are called ‘kittens’
  10. Rabbits and Guinea pigs don’t make good pals (friendship)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PIGS

  1. They have a high deposit of fats hence their association with ponds or water because of catabolism.
  2. They are very prolific producing 8-16 piglets at a time
  3. They can farrow twice in a year
  4. The gestation period is very short, it is 114 days (3monts, 3 weeks and 3 days)
  5. They have high feed convertibility
  6. They can produce at any time
  7. They are monogastric animals and are mostly omnivores in natures
  8. The neck is short and fixed i.e. the neck is immovable
  9. The tail is short and coiled.

WEEK:        6                 DAY:                              SUBJECT:

DATE:                            TOPIC:  

SUBTOPIC:                    PERIODS:                      DURATION:

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:      

At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

  1. State the important of keeping farm animals
  2. Explain the importance of keeping farm animals
  3. State and explain animals that are used for security purpose
  4. State animal produce that serve as foods

KEY VOCABULARY WORDS:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:

CONTENT:

IMPORTANCE OF KEEPING FARM ANIMALS

Some of these are the economic importance of keeping farm animals

  1. Source of protein
  2. Source of income
  3. Source of raw material
  4. Use as game
  5. Source of revenue
  6. Source of farm power to do work on the farm
  7. Source of manure
  8. Source of foreign exchange
  9. For social ceremonies
  10. To display ones wealth and for religious purpose

Identifying Animals that are kept for security purposes.

  1. GEESE: They are very good guard animals. They have better eyesight both near and far than we do. They make loud noises to frighten off intruders that venture into their space.
  2. DONKEYS: They could create a false impression for an intruder who does not realize that donkeys can be very aggressive and territorial. They are naturally hostile towards dogs, foxes, coyotes and bobcats
  3. ALLIGATORS: Drug dealers are known to use aggressive animals to protect their stash from criminals. Pit bulls used to be the animals of choice, but several drug dealers seems to be switching to alligators.
  4. LLAMAS: They are excellent livestock guards. They are very effective against dogs, and foxes.
  5. WOLVES: They are used to protect humans and properties. They are wild animals but could misbehave at times
  6. PIGS: They have better sense of smell than dog, making the swine useful in detecting weapons and bombs.
  7. DOLPHINS: They train dolphins to guard ships, seaside installations, or other areas of interest. The dolphins runs regular patrols around these areas
  8. SEA LIONS: They are marine mammal trained under NAVY MARINE. Sea lions are smart and relatively easy to train. Unlike dolphins, sea lions do not have sonar that allows them to use echolocation to detect underwater mines, but have great eyesight. They are also amphibious with ability to switch between land and water.
  9. CROCODILES: They are used to guide the prisons that is built around the sea water
  10.  SNAKES & DOGS: They are used to guide homes and businesses against criminals, gangs.

ANIMALS PRODUCE THAT SERVE AS FOOD:

Food obtains from animals are

  1. Beef
  2. Port
  3. Meat
  4. Egg
  5. Milk
  6. Chicken

These foods products are highly nutritious and rich in proteins and fats.

List of Animal By-products

  1. Fat
  2. Skin or Flesh
  3. Blood
  4. Milk
  5. Whey
  6. Eggs
  7. Gelatin

Animals organs such as the pancreas, bones, blood, pituitary gland, and liver are used for extracting many pharmaceutical substances.

REASONS WHY SOME ANIMALS ARE KEPT AS PETS

  1. Pets are comforting companions.
  2. They keep us healthy and relive stress.
  3. They play and show us love.
  4. They keep us from being lonely.
  5. Nothing compares to the joy of coming home to a loyal companion.
  6. The unconditional love of a pet can do more than keep you company.
  7. Pets may also decrease stress, tensions and improve heart health
  8. Pets can even help children with their emotional and social skills
  9. They help us gain a sense of responsibility
  10. They are always there when we needed them.

WEEK         7:       MIDTERM BREAK          MIDTERM TEST

WEEK:        8                 DAY:                              SUBJECT:

DATE:                            TOPIC:  

SUBTOPIC:                    PERIODS:                      DURATION:

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:      

At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

  1. Define Weed
  2. State the characteristics of weeds
  3. State and Explain the uses of weeds
  4. State and explain the classification of weeds
  5. State and explain methods of weed control
  6. State effects of weed control

KEY VOCABULARY WORDS:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:

CONTENT:

WEED: COMMON WEEDS AND CONTROL

A weed is a plant that grows in a place where it is not wanted e.g. a vegetable plant growing on a cassava plot is a weed.

CHARACTERISTICS OF WEEDS

  1. HIGH PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY:  Weed posses high productive capacity and are always the first to emerge and grow when necessary condition are provided.  They have many seeds.  For examples a single grass head may produce thousands of seeds.
  2. HIGH RESISTANCE CAPACITY:  They are capable of withstand adverse conditions because of their tough protective seed coats e.g. seeds of some legume
  3. ABILITY TO REGENERATE:  Some weeds are capable of regenerating and therefore very difficult to eradicate commelina species, elephant grass and spear grass are examples of weeds that possess this characteristics
  4. EARLY DISPERSED:  Weed seeds possess various devices for dispersal.  These include spines, hook, parachute of hair, wind with which they are easily be dispersed  e.g. tridax, goat weed and des modium.
  5. HIGH COMPETITIVE AND AGGRESSIVE GROWTH HABIT:  Weed possess highly competitive growth habit and can easily smother crop for example spear grass, elephant grass can easily over run a farm if not regularly checked.

USES OF WEEDS

  1. FOOD:  Some weeds are used as food for man e.g. African spinach (Amarathus coudatus) cochurs olitoris e.t.c
  2. ANIMAL FEEDS:  Some weeds are used as food for feeding farm animals e.g. guinea grass, sedge and elephant grass
  3. MEDICINE:  Most weeds are medicine.  Drug can be extracted from such weeds e.g. lemon grass.
  4. EROSION CONTROL:  Weeds are used for control tiny erosion e.g. Bahama grass.
  5. SOURCE OF ORNAMENTAL:  Weeds are the major source of ornamental crops e.g. e.g. pride of Barbados, carno lily, rose, croton and hibiscus.

CLASSIFICATION OF WEEDS BASED ON LIFE CYCLE

Weeds are grouped in three classes.  These include

(i)  Annual weed  (ii)  Biennial weed  (iii)  Perennial Weed

ANNUAL WEED

These are weeds which complete their life cycle in one year.  They grow, reach maturity and die within a year.  Annual weeds include fridax plant, goat weed, spigelia and so on.

BIENNAIL WEEDS

These are weeds that complete their life cycle in two years.  The first year is used by the crops to grow and store food.  Reproduction and maturity take place in the second year.  Example of biennial weeds are wild carrot, yellow rocket.

PERENNIAL WEEDS

These are weeds that take more than two years to complete their lifecycle or ripe for harvesting perennial weeds include giant star grass, guinea grass, carpet grass, centxo and tropical kudzu.

COMMON WEEDS

COMMON NAME                            BOTANICAL NAME

  1. Spear grass                                         Imperata Cylindrica
  2. Guinea grass                                      Panicum maximum
  3. Elephant grass                                   Pennisetum prupuren
  4. Wild hemp                                         sida spp
  5. Water leaf                                          Talinum triangulare
  6. Goat weed                                         Ageratum consoles
  7. Stubborn grass                                   Elaisina indica
  8. P. W. D. Weed                                  Tridax
  9. Pig weed                                            Boerhavia
  10. Carpet grass                                       Axonopus compressus
  11. Pigeon pea                                         Cajanus caja
  12. Sensitive plant                                   Mimosu pudica
  13. Witch weed                                       Striga senegalenis

EFFECTS OF WEED CONTROL ON VEGETATION AND SOIL

The following are the effects of chemical control of weeds on vegetation and soil

  1. Herbicides can be poisonous to human beings
  2. Beneficial organism may be destroyed
  3. Herbicides can pollute soil and ground water
  4. Herbicides can contaminate livestock pasture thereby killing the animals that feed on them.
  5. Some herbicides, when used, can kill both good and unwanted plants and animals
  6. Removal of soil nutrients
  7. Pollution of soil and nutrients

METHODS OF WEED CONTROL

  1. Preventative weed control : It refers to any control method that aims to prevent weeds from being established in a cultivated crop, a pasture or a greenhouse.
  2. Cultural weed control : It refers to any technique that involves maintaining field conditions such that weeds are less likely to become established and/or increase in number.
  3. Mechanical weed control : It refers to any technique that involves the use of farm equipment to control weeds.
  4. Biological weed control: It refers to any technique that involves the use of natural enemies of weed plants to control the germination of weed seeds or the spread of established plants.
  5. Chemical weed control: It refers to any technique that involves the application of a chemical (herbicide) to weeds or soil to control the germination or growth of the weed species.


WEEK:        9                 DAY:                              SUBJECT:

DATE:                            TOPIC:  

SUBTOPIC:                    PERIODS:                      DURATION:

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:      

At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

  1. Define Pest
  2. State the classification of insects pest according to their feeding habits
  3. State the classification of pest based on their location

KEY VOCABULARY WORDS:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:

CONTENT:          

CROP PEST

Pest is defined as only living organism, plant or animal which can cause damage to our cultivated crop plant, farm animal and human.  Examples of common pest include insect like grasshoppers and beetles, mammals such as rats and monkey and bird such as weaver bird.

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECT PESTS ACCORDING TO THEIR FEEDING HABIT

According to their mode of feeding insect pest are classified into three groups.  These are:

  1. Biting and chewing insect pests
  2. Piercing and sucking insect pests
  3. Boring insect pests

BITTING AND CHEWING INSECT PESTS

Insect pests in this group have mouth parts which are specially made for biting and chewing plat.  The mouth parts of insect in this group consist of a pair of very hard biting jaws called mandibles, a second pair of jaw called maxillae, flat upper lip called the labrum and lower lip known as librum.  The mandibles are sued to bite off and chew parts of the crop while maxillae are used to bite off and chew parts of the crops into the mouth.  Examples of biting and sucking insects pests are crickets, grasshoppers, beetle, termites, army worm, mantils.

PIERCING AND SUCKING INSECT PESTS

The insects in this group have mouth part that are shaped like injection needles, called probaxix, hena, their mouth parts are adapted to pierce into plant parts and sucking the sap and juice of plant.  Example of piercing and sucking insects include aphids, cotton stainer, mealy buds, white flies and capsids.

BORING INSECTS

These are insects that bore hole into plats tissues and seeds.  Boring insects are also called burrowing insects.  Examples of boring insects are beans beetles, weevils such as rice and maize weevil.

CLASSIFICATION OF INSECT BASED ON THEIR LOCATION

Based on location, insect pest are classified into two namely:

  1. Field insect pests
  2. Storage insect pests
  1. FIELD INSECT PEST:  These are insects that attack crop plant on the field that is before harvesting important field pest include:

i.          Stem borers

ii.         Fruit and seeders:  Examples are beetle fruit, flies and fruit piercing mouth.

iii.        Root feeders:  Examples are yam beetles.

  • STORAGE INSECT PESTS:  This group of insect attack harvested products in store.  Examples include bean beetle, weevil such as rice and maize weevils.

WEEK:        10                DAY:                              SUBJECT:

DATE:                            TOPIC:  

SUBTOPIC:                    PERIODS:                      DURATION:

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:      

At the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to

  1. State the causes of pest damage to crops
  2. State the prevention and control of pest
  3. Explain the prevention and control of pest

KEY VOCABULARY WORDS:

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS:

CONTENT: 

CROP PEST: METHOD OF CONTROL

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE, PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS

Pest may cause damages to crops in the following ways:

  1. Insect pest destroy field crops through their activities such as biting, chewing, boring and sucking
  2. They cause reduce in the viability (germinating capacity) of stored produce
  3. Heavy attack by insect pest may lead to total failure
  4. They reduce the market of crops especially fruits and vegetables
  5. Control of insect pest increase the cost of production
  6. Some insect pest act as vectors of plant diseases.
  7. Insects’ pests reduce the yield (quantity) and quality of crops either in the field store.

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS

Generally, insect pests can be effectively controlled through the following measure.

  1. Cultural control
  2. Physical control
  3. Chemical control
  4. Prohibition
  5. Quarantine
  6. Biological control

CULTURAL CONTROL

This involves the use of good cultural practices in order to reduce or destroy insect population and to help crops escape insect attack.  These cultural practices include: 

  1. Crop rotation
  2. Tillage
  3. Early planting
  4. Adequate and regular
  5. Planting resistant
  6. Timely harvesting
  7. Burning

PHYSICAL CONTROL

This involves the physical removal of insect pest from the farm.  The following insect pest on the farm though:  (i)   Hand Picking  (ii)  Air tight storage

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

This involves the introduction of the natural enemies of the insect pest.  The pest enemies are introduced to feed on the insect pest thereby reducing the population of the pest.  For instance ladybirds are introduced in an aphid infested farm to eat up the aphid.

CHEMICAL CONTROL

This is the used of chemicals to protect crops from insect attack and if the attack is established they are used to kill the insect pests at various stages of their life cycles.  Chemical control is the most effective method of controlling insect pest and chemical used for insect control include:

  1. Insecticide:  These are chemical specifically used for controlling insect pests.  They may be applied in the form of solid such as dusts or in the form of emulsion or sprays.  Examples include Gammalin 20, Vector, Aldrin dust and so on.
  2. Fumigants:  These are insecticides which are in the form of vapour.  They are usually enclosed in air tight containers.  Examples include hydrogen cyanide, methy bromide and ethylene.

QUARANTINE

Quarantine is a period of isolation and observation imposed by law in imported materials include seeds, plants and animals.  The materials are kept long enough to observe them for nay disease symptoms.  If symptoms are detected, the materials are either destroyed or exported to the country where it was purchased at the expense of the importer.

WEEK 11:     REVISION

WEEK 12:     EXAMINATION

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